Stratification Is Universal And Its Effect On Society

Stratification is universal. It is everywhere in the world. It takes different forms of different societies. In society we differ from each other based on our age, gender, race, and personal characteristics. Stratification is seeing and ranking an individual or a group of people who is higher than one another, who are high class, middle class, and lower class, based on their hierarchy of status levels like their status, the jobs they do like white collar or blue collar, the power they have, controlling people and telling what to do, and wealth, how much you get paid and if you are rich, gender, men might get more power, money, and privilege than women or vice versa, and ethnicity, African Americans as athlete, drug addict, and committing crimes. There Stratification is carried over generation to generation. If your parents are rich and you are born in that family, most likely your parents will pass down their business and reputation to you. Most likely, if you are born in a rich fami ly, you are most likely to live happily, enjoy life, do well in school, succeed in a career, and live a long life than a poor family. An article that I found in New York Times website that is called, â€Å"Nine Killed in Shooting at Black Church in Charleston.† Written by Jason Horowitz, Nick Corasaniti, and Ashley Southall. The article talks about a white gunman who opened fire Wednesday night at a historic black church downtown in Charleston, South Carolina, killing about nine people beforeShow MoreRelatedSocial Stratification And Its Effects On Society1266 Words   |  6 PagesSocial stratification is a way people categorize others in a socioeconomic strata. Social stratification has four principles: social stratification has and continues to persist over generations, it involves inequality, beliefs and other economic and ideological standards, it is universal but variable, and it is also a â€Å"trait† of society. Social stratification doesn’t categorize ce rtain individuals by their looks or popularity, but instead categorizes by different aspects such as the job they haveRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Stratification On Minorities1195 Words   |  5 Pageshave learned about social problems within the society in which we live and around the world. It is disturbing to learn that poverty, social inequality, race and cultural discrimination, gender stratification, environmental damage, population growth, and urbanization are among the social problems and controversial issues that still exist in the United States. What is Social Stratification Social stratification is defined as a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. ForRead MoreSome Principles Of Stratification By Kingsley Davis And Wilbert E. Moore1672 Words   |  7 Pageswill discuss â€Å"Some Principles of Stratification† by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore. Their work focuses on stratification, social class, positional rank, and their effects on individuals and society. The second work â€Å"Classes in Capitalism and Pre-Capitalism† by Karl Marx, highlights inequality in society regarding the relationship between the oppressor and the oppressed or the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and methods of production and their effects on society. Finally, in â€Å"Who Rules AmericaRead MoreSocial Stratification1358 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿SOCIAL SCIENCE 101 (Society and Culture with Population Education) Unit IV. Social Stratification Meaning of Social Stratification When sociologists speak of stratification, they are referring to social inequality and social ranking, thus, stresses the differences among people. Is an institutionalized pattern of inequality in which social categories ranked on the basis of their access to scarce resources. Is the hierarchy arrangement and establishment of social categories that evolveRead MoreThe Impact of Social Class and Stratification1728 Words   |  7 Pages30 November, 2010 The Impact of Social Class/Stratification Stratification and the division of people into social classes is a fundamental part of American society. Stratification is a concept that is universal; it is found in every country, every nation of the world. It is a system in which large groups of people, not individuals, are divided into different layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige. Stratification applies not only to the different nations of theRead MoreAge Stratification1183 Words   |  5 PagesSocial stratification is not a new phenomenon; its roots extends far back into antiquity with some contending that archaeological evidence reveals that social stratification existed in Cro-Magnon society 10,000 or more years ago (Tattersall 1998:178). Social stratification may be based on many attributes; according to Arredondo Biological differences can produce, directly or indirectly, social stratification by factors such as age, gender, race, or socioeconomic status. Age stratification and ageismRead M oreSociology: Poverty and Stratification812 Words   |  4 PagesLiving with a poverty level income is a difficulty facing many people around the world; poverty is a cultural universal, or trait found in every known culture – not an expression of individual differences. The most basic explanation for this is the trend towards social stratification, the system by which society organizes itself into a hierarchy. In some cultures this is manifest in the form of a caste system in which people who are in poverty have little to no chance of escaping it. In the UnitedRead MoreAndrew Carnegie s Impact On The Industrial Revolution1703 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluencing the Industrial Revolution, which changed the economy of the US and the world forever. This era brought upon significant changes through economic developments that would not only change the ways of the economy but also the social aspect of society, especially within the cities where this growth was located. The shift fr om hand-made to machine-made products increased productivity and decreased costs. Through the innovations of the new forms of energy, such as iron, and then steel, establishmentsRead MoreSociology and Social Integration. D.1725 Words   |  7 Pagessociological imagination transformed: a. common sense into laws of society. b. people into supporters of the status quo. c. personal problems into public issues. d. scientific research into common sense. 5. _____ is a way of understanding the world based on science. a. Theology b. Positivism c. Metaphysics d. Free will Refresher: Culture Name: 1. The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as: a. high culture. b. material cultureRead MoreThe Invention Of Everyday Life1056 Words   |  5 Pages In her article, The Invention of Everyday Life, Rita Felski describes the phrase â€Å"everyday life† as the routine activities and habitual experiences every member of society encounters from one day to the next. She argues that this concept has been shaped since the Hellenic Age, but became apparent particularly in the nineteenth century which is evident as the concept of â€Å"everyday life† became a reoccurring theme in literature and many other art forms during this time. Felski argues that this concept

The Message of the Gettysburg Address - 881 Words

The Message of the Gettysburg Address In 1863, the sixteenth President of the United States found himself engulfed by a horrific civil war and in leading his people to victory, Abraham Lincoln found himself in a predicament that required a well thought out motivational presentation. He found that opportunity with the address at Gettysburg. President Lincoln knew his people were dissatisfied with the loss of so many comrades and knew there must be a way he could prove that the lives of so many fallen soldiers, husbands, and sons were worth the efforts to restore the land of the free. The statement made in the Gettysburg Address to the people was a perfect example and in essence the embodiment of perfect communication. The audience of the†¦show more content†¦With the word spreading about the support that the soldiers had from the Commander in Chief the war soon saw a turn in favor for the Union and clearly the President demonstrated effective communication to the people he served. That speech has become known as one of the supreme masterpieces of eloquence in the English language.1 Having directly impacted theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Edward Everett s Gettysburg Address1433 Words   |  6 PagesMaria Mendez RHE 321- Principles of Rhetoric (43310) Professor Davida Charney Edward Everett’s Gettysburg Address Gettysburg Final Draft May 4, 2016 Abraham Lincoln is arguably one of the United States greatest presidents and is well-known for writing one of the most iconic literary pieces in American history, the Gettysburg Address. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is an outstanding 272-word oration, meant to have been a â€Å"few appropriate remarks† (Wills), yet it is considered to be one ofRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln s Gettysburg Address981 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Fourscore and seven years ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the statement in which Abraham Lincoln started â€Å"The Gettysburg Address†.152 years ago, Lincoln delivered this well-known speech in front of an audience who was searching for help during a time of war. Some may believe it was not an inspiration why others will say it was. To some Americans, it might have even brought faith. Just like any other work, this essay was composed of a rhetorical situation and rhetorical devices; which can be broken down into specific fact orsRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Gettysburg Address And I Have A Dream Speech1065 Words   |  5 Pagesand every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children...will be able to join hands and sing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is the, slightly shortened, end quote of the famous I Have a Dream speech by. The Gettysburg address was a major turning point in American history for the topic of slavery. Martin Luther King Jrs I Have a Dream speech assisted in this Civil Rights movement. But, the question is, what all did they cause in our history? The reader is going toRead MoreWhat Makes A Great Speech So Memorable?1091 Words   |  5 Pagesyears, The Gettysburg Address and Eulogy for Princess Diana, and the rhetorical techniques used within to portray their messages. As stated by Nathaniel Hawthorne, ‘Words – so innocent and powerless as they are†¦,how potent for good and evil they become in the hands of one who knows how to combine them.’ To this day, perhaps one of the most famous and powerful speeches is Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address. Similarly, Earl Spencer’s Eulogy for Princess Diana is an oration whose message can stillRead MoreStructure Of The Gettysburg Address899 Words   |  4 Pagesat odds and much blood was shed. The Battle of Gettysburg was particularly gruesome, but none the less a major win for the Union. Immediately after the battle, Lincoln was invited to speak on behalf of all fallen soldiers and on the victory that the Union so desperately needed. The Gettysburg Address motivated the American people to persevere and continue fighting the Confederacy in order to free the slaves and make the country whole again. An address such as this one gave the broken down people ofRead MoreThe B attle Of Gettysburg And The Civil War970 Words   |  4 Pagesour fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal†. One of the most well-known and 16th president of the United States stated these words at the Battle of Gettysburg. A two-minute speech that made such an emotional and passionate impact on the men then and future. He created a dramatic tone to empower, motivate, and engage in the new found nation where men were created equal. A purpose of his speech was aboutRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln s Speech939 Words   |  4 Pages Second, the words he chose to elicit emotion in the nation and to act upon those emotions. Finally, the rhetorical devices he chose within in his speech to ignite the nation to continue to fight for freedom and equality. Timing The Battle of Gettysburg took place in July 1863 (Conner, 2015). Thus far, the North had not won many battles for the Union during the Civil War (Conner, 2015). Lincoln wanted to capitalize on the victory to gain more support for the war, which had decreased in popularityRead MoreThe Gettysburg Address By President Abraham Lincoln1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gettysburg Address was a speech composed and addressed by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, at the time of the political fight in Gettysburg Pennsylvania. At that time, Abraham Lincoln was the President of the United States. He was also the President who led America through the Civil War. During the Civil War, at Gettysburg, some soldiers died protecting the nation. This was mentioned in Lincoln’s speech, which was meant to be dedicated to the soldiers who died defending their people. He spokeRead MoreAbraham Lincoln Reaffirmed the Values of Our Founding Fathers678 Words   |  3 Pagesof America, set off for Gettys burg in order to consecrate Gettysburg National Cemetery. In an uncharacteristically short speech-at least for the 1860s-Lincoln was able to reaffirm the values our Founding Fathers had laid down in the Declaration of Independence as well as the Constitution, and painted a vision of a unified United States where freedom and democracy would be the rule for all citizens. Lincoln utilized various rhetorical devices to make the Gettysburg Address accomplish two tasks inRead MoreVictory Spirit866 Words   |  4 PagesReborn† he talks about the Gettysburg Address in comparison to 9/11 and he also analyzes the Gettysburg Address in more depth and has a specific purpose for writing his article. On the other hand in James Wood’s â€Å"Victory Speech† he talks about how President Obama flowed through different things, Wood also analyzes certain details of Obama’s speech, and offers some critique. â€Å"Now, as then, a national spirit rose from the ashes of destruction† (Safire 41). The Gettysburg Address was given after a horrible

Inequlity in South Asia Free Essays

Efforts to solve inequality in South Asia have had no Impact. † How far do you agree? Explain your answer with reference to examples from both gender and caste inequality. In south Asia, there are critical Inequalities practicing, especially the gender and caste Inequalities. We will write a custom essay sample on Inequlity in South Asia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Realizing the harm that these Inequalities will bring, governments as well as non-government organizations are putting great efforts to improve this situation. However, based on what is happening right now in south Asian countries, these efforts did not really help. Although the disadvantages present much more in political positions compare to before, but the mind-set is still ingrained in people’s heart. Therefore, I agree to a large extend that efforts to solve inequality in South Asia have had no impact. Politically, situation is improving with the effort of the government. It is a government’s responsibility in a modern world to help the people been systematically oppressed. Governments can also promote their international image by helping the disadvantages, through reserving seats for lower caste for example. This does help in solving Inequality In amount of people who inning the government. Under the 73rd Amendment Act of the Constitution, India had proffered 33% reservation for women In rural and urban local bodies. The Parliament raised the percentage of women to 50% In local bodies in 2009. Currently, there are more than a million elected women representative in local bodies. At present, 22. 5% of places in government-funded academic institutions are set aside for Dalais and listed tribes who make up roughly 25% of the population. Therefore, there are some achievement in fighting against inequality in political Jobs. Governments also have good policy in solving the problem but they are not implemented well. Once It is out of the control of the government, it will be very hard to really be implemented. Since there are no obvious consequences, not many people will be willing to obey the rules. A state In India had committed $15,000 to construct a new school building, $900 for a new kitchen and $400 for new school benches. But only some of the money had arrived, so no construction had started a chairman of a village said $750 had been demanded of his village committee In exchange for building permits. N Pakistan, a young married woman, Samba Impair, as shot in the office of a lawyer helping her to seek a divorce which her family could never countenance, no government minister has condemned the killing, nobody has been arrested for Samba’s murder, no government minister has condemned the killing. Therefore, it is really hard to implement government’s good policy to solve the problems. T he most serious thing Is, public still have a strong sense of discrimination. The thousand years old mind-set is very hard to change once It is set up in people’s thinking. Moreover, since some people can still benefit a lot from these Inequalities, hey will not willing to change their mind and give up practicing these Inequalities so easily. For Instance, Harlan, a state In north India, Is notorious for frequent murders of young men and women who transgress. Caste is still an important criteria in Five women were buried alive in Pakistan ‘honor killing’ on 02 September 2008. Girl babies are killed by the mother and buried surreptitiously with the connivance of the elders in the family and some grooms are still asking for dowry. Unfortunately, education and economic development do not solve the problems: gender imbalance s more serious in richer area since more people can afford to do ultrasound check in India. Various examples around the world prove that, the ancient mind-set is wide spread in today’s world in South Asia. However, think of the achievement been made in politic, there is only a very tiny amount of women or the lower caste are able to enter government to work and the work they do might not necessarily important. While the policy not been implemented and the mind-set among the majority of Indian can actually influence a very huge number of the people. In rural area of India, even teachers practice fierce discrimination on lower caste students, without mass education, it is almost impossible to change the mind-set of the public. Thus, the achievement is still small compare to the problem. Perhaps the government need to be guaranteed to ensure its policy and correct education about inequality must cover the whole country. Yet, it requires time to improve the situation. In conclusion, there are a lot of efforts been made, and there are achievement, but the not many people can enjoy the achievement and effort been made has no much impact. Hence, I agree o a large extend that Efforts to solve inequality in South Asia have had no impact. Although the caste system, dowry, and honor killing are outlaw, a long time ago, people still have a strong sense of discrimination: they are not willing to change. Teacher practice Politically: Government works very to Women’s dalais percentage. Socially: mind-set examples: honor killing, cross marriage. Infanticide. Examining Equal voting right The parliament raised the percentage of women to 50% in local bodies in 2009 The provisional census for 2011 indicates a positive increase of 1 1. % in literacy rate amongst women. Protection of women from domestic violence act enacted in 2005 has given women a powerful tool. Anti-trafficking nodal cells adopting victims. Rescue, rehabilitation reintegration, repatriation. The government responsibility to ensure the laws being implemented, not changing mind-set. So the state government has offered to adopt abandoned babies as an incentiv e against killing them. In most cases, Nags say that the baby is killed by the mother and buried surreptitiously with the connivance of the elders in the family. In the last five months alone 47 babies have been received. How to cite Inequlity in South Asia, Papers

A Comprehensive Discharge Planning is Mandatory for Continuity

Question: Discuss about the Comprehensive Discharge Planning is Mandatory for Continuity of Care. Answer: Introduction:- The readmission rates for elderly patients of age around 65 years and above within a period of 30 days was about 19 % during the period of 2011 to 2013 in private hospitals according to statistics given by ministry of health, Singapore. In 2013 the rates for readmission of these older patients was 18.5 % in Tan Tock Seng hospital and 21.1 % at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital. These readmission rates were of serious concern for elderly people. Many factors contribute for this readmission like quality of patient care, the transitions from hospital to primary and community care and the care of the follow up including the rehabilitation care. One of the main reason or factor for this also is the environment of the home and family support. These readmission rates can also vary based on the types and ranges of the cases. The hospitals are at disadvantage as they are not able to provide critical emergency care thus a comprehensive discharge planning is required in which bio psychosocial approach is mandatory for the continuity of care in elderly patients with chronic diseases to prevent readmission. This report contains the biopsychosocial approach which can be followed for such type of patients. Biopsychosocial approach is a part of discharge planning which if followed properly will prevent readmission of patients. Biopsychosocial approach for continuity of care: This is a combination of approaches of three field disciplines including biological, psychological, and social aspects. These factors combined should be followed for proper continuity of care of elderly patients with chronic disease. If these factors are taken care of then the health conditions are improved of elder patients and they are not required for readmission in hospitals (Bayliss et al., 2017). Biological aspect approach for care:- Creation of a physical environment which needs to be supportive:- Elderly people having chronic illness have greater chance of developing functioning limitations and disabilities. If the patients are kept in poor living condition then there can be risk of home injury. A supportive physical environment requires safe and accessible living environment for the elderly (Van leon, 2014). The elderly patient with chronic illness can preserve their functional ability by using proper aids like leg braces and wheel chairs. Home accidents can be reduced by modifying the home conditions for safety like installing smoke detector and handrails. Management of diseases:- The elderly patient and their family should be well informed regarding the health condition, treatment which is going on cost involved in maintenance of the health. The family of the patients should be provided with the information regarding the needs of the elderly patients and also should get the support for decision making. This support can be provided if the health professional visits the patient and their family and give health seminars and education on management of health. For prevention and care of the disease the elderly is suffering comprehensive self care programs have to be done. Some facilities have to kept so that the symptoms of diseases like pain can be sub sized. Proper coordination is required for the delivery of the service. Proper medicines should be given if pains increase.(Bosquette et al., 2014). Psychological aspect approach for care: Psychological care is one of the significant part of the care of elderly patient. Psychological aspects involve the individualized therapy for treatment of behavioral and emotional conditions of elderly patients suffering from chronic illness. Behavioral disturbances is the behavioral or psychological syndrome or a pattern associated with the distress functional disability or difficult to interact with others and environment (Friedrich, 2015). The therapy which is used to reduce anxiety and depression of the patient and the clinical symptoms of the disease is the cognitive behavioral therapy and solution based therapy. It is known from the studies that clinical symptoms can occur in the absence of inflammation or other visible manifestation also (Vandersteen, 2014). In the elderly patient there are many stress inducers relating to the personal situations in the life stage which are responsible to create anxiety and depression and also contribute to symptoms without any visible cause. Thus individual therapy is used which can reduce and eliminate the symptoms and increasing physical and psychological wellness. The behavioral aspect includes aggression, sleep disturbances etc. the aggression of patient can be dangerous for both family caregivers and hospital nurses (Kress et al., 2014). This can be due to symptoms of disease or effects of poor care approach. Aggression can be controlled by proper counseling of the patient by doctor (Menec , 2006). Sleeping disturbances and other such factors can be reduced by proper medication and counseling by caregivers. There should be proper monitoring of diet , smoking habit or alcohol intake by the caregiver and prevented for proper health care. If exercise is required for the patient then it should be done with proper guidance. There may sometime situation in which the patient can get emotional. This emotion can be related to stress regarding to disease. In such cases patients should be properly counseled with the help of friends and depression psychotherapy should be done. The patient should be able to cope up with the emotions or else this can lead to severe depression which can cause hindrance in the continuity of care (Wallace, 2015). Training should be be given to the patients to scope up with pain and discomfort. When the elderly patient is suffering from chronic disease there is a disruptio n in daily work for them and their family life. Thus in such cases counseling for family is required and the patients should be helped by the care givers so that they can do their daily activities with ease. Social aspect approach for care: Creating a supportive social environment which is supportive: As there is need for creating a suitable physical environment likewise there is also need for creation of a social environment for better care of elderly patients. Elderly people require a wide range of supports so that they can avoid institutionalization and they can continue to live in the community. Proper community based care should be provided like medical and social service linked to community (Llewellyn et al., 2014). Some community basenursing services should also be engaged for the elderly patients. Many patients of chronically ill nature can get benefit by supportive services which can include home help services transportation services for them. Use of formal and informal social support systems can also be used. The interactions between the patient and their environment can also increase the adapting ability of patient, information access and also motivation of them to survive the tough phase. Formal and informal supports sometimes also complement each other which depends o n the nature of services provided (Pergolizzi, 2014). For long time commitment case the flexibility of time can be required which is taken care by informal sources. On other hand formal sources help in providing knowledge and reference. By providing emotional and informational support formal and informal support networks help the elderly patient with chronic diseases. There are many community based social care programs which provide the patients with assistance in daily living activities delivery of meal and services for transportation. Services from these care workers are required for maintaining daily functioning. Sometimes there should be support from friends neighbors who can help the patient in crisis assistance and help during illness by speaking and informal support (Rubinstein, 2014). Programs should be developed to train informal caregivers the skills required during crisis situations like home injury. Elderly patients social network not only is a major channel of advice and support during illness but also is a main source for improving health beliefs and knowledge about options in medical field. The support of information for the elderly patient should be improved in community based social health care program. Family members paid care workers and volunteers can be marked to provide support of information to the elderly by doing home visi t and contacting them over phone. All these support care systems are important for patients with chronic disease who choose to make informed choice for achievement of health care. Conclusion: Many research and studies related to that have shown that there are many benefits of discharge planning with older patients with chronic illness. If this planning is not proper then the older patients again are readmission with complications after discharge. These patients should be given proper health service within their community according to the discharge plan. It should be cost effective and proper counseling of the patient and their family should be done. The discharge plan should be properly designed by professionals and implemented to reduce post discharge complications. With the increase of older patient illness it becomes necessary to do a biopsychosocial assessment of needs and resources required for it. (Pulvirenti, McMillan Lawn 2014) . Biopsychosocial assessment services are those services which help the patient and their family and providers of health care to manage the psychological, behavioral and social characteristics of illness and its effects to promote good health. The proper assessment is to be made and the needs to be met so that proper care for elderly patients are done. These also include details regarding health insurance and counseling regarding financial needs for coping up with these situations for patients. In this report all aspects regarding discharge planning and assessment of the biopsychosocial needs has been covered for older patients suffering from chronic disease. References: Bayliss, E. A., Ellis, J. L., Shoup, J. A., McQuillan, D. B., Steiner, J. F., Zeng, C. (2017). Association between Continuity of Care and Health-Related Quality of Life.The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine,30(2), 205-212. Bousquet, J., Jorgensen, C., Dauzat, M., Cesario, A., Camuzat, T., Bourret, R., ... Avignon, A. (2014). Systems medicine approaches for the definition of complex phenotypes in chronic diseases and ageing. From concept to implementation and policies.Current pharmaceutical design,20(38), 5928-5944. Friedrich, L. M. (2015). Improving Patient Care Outcomes to Reduce Recurrent Admissions of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Kress, H. G., Ahlbeck, K., Aldington, D., Alon, E., Coaccioli, S., Coluzzi, F., ... Mangas, A. C. (2014). Managing chronic pain in elderly patients requires a CHANGE of approach.Current medical research and opinion,30(6), 1153-1164.. Llewellyn, H., Low, J., Smith, G., Hopkins, K., Burns, A., Jones, L. (2014). Narratives of continuity among older people with late stage chronic kidney disease who decline dialysis.Social Science Medicine,114, 49-56. Menec, V. H., Sirski, M., Attawar, D., Katz, A. (2006). Does continuity of care with a family physician reduce hospitalizations among older adults?.Journal of Health Services Research Policy,11(4), 196-201. Pergolizzi, J., Ahlbeck, K., Aldington, D., Alon, E., Coluzzi, F., Dahan, A., ... Morlion, B. (2013). The development of chronic pain: physiological CHANGE necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to treatment.Current medical research and opinion,29(9), 1127-1135. Pulvirenti, M., McMillan, J., Lawn, S. (2014). Empowerment, patient centred care and self?management.Health Expectations,17(3), 303-310. Rubinstein, D. (2014). Effective Communication as an Important Skill for Quality Care in Elderly Patients.Med. L.,33, 107. van der Steen, J. T., Radbruch, L., Hertogh, C. M., de Boer, M. E., Hughes, J. C., Larkin, P., ... Koopmans, R. T. (2014). White paper defining optimal palliative care in older people with dementia: a Delphi study and recommendations from the European Association for Palliative Care.Palliative medicine,28(3), 197-209. van Loenen, T., van den Berg, M. J., Westert, G. P., Faber, M. J. (2014). Organizational aspects of primary care related to avoidable hospitalization: a systematic review.Family practice,31(5), 502-516 Wallace, E., Salisbury, C., Guthrie, B., Lewis, C., Fahey, T., Smith, S. M. (2015). Managing patients with multimorbidity in primary care.bmj,350, h176.

Analysis of the Marketing Mix of Johnson Johnson Essay Example

Analysis of the Marketing Mix of Johnson Johnson Essay The case took into consideration the situation surrounding the handling of Johnson amp; Johnson under William Weldon. Based on the case study, Weldon was a master of marketing, which was then to the advantage of the monolith Jamp;J. The following discussions will analyze the capability of Jamp;J using the marketing mix to maximize the profits gained by the said company under the headship of Weldon. II. Marketing Points A. Product Based on the article of (2003) Johnson amp; Johnson was a company who dwell in innovation and new products. This shows that the company has a commercial advantage against its competitors. Not only does it have a recognizable brand, it also offers products which the public identify with them. This is possible because they have identified themselves with the product. A good example of this would be their treatment of the drug, Procrit. B. Place Along with the famous products of the company, it also shows how effectively they make these accessible to the public. In the case of their product Bandaid, they targeted hospitals by making it more scientific through the improvements made by their research and design department. The product was made liquid and thus accessible for hospitals as wound closing agents. Another product was also made accessible to the public. Their product, Nizoral, was formerly an antifungal treatment targeted for hospital use was transformed to commonplace merchandise, shampoo. This shows the tenacity of the company to offer the public their products and in the same time expand their market. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Marketing Mix of Johnson Johnson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Marketing Mix of Johnson Johnson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Marketing Mix of Johnson Johnson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer C. Promotion The promotion of the products of Jamp;J, the company takes on the persuasive craftsmanship of Weldon to the public. The article indicates that Weldon does impose rather challenging tasks to his executives. These tasks are expected to be successful at the first attempt that some of the executives even consider it impossible. Nevertheless, the pressure provided by Weldon has been considerably effective given the performance of Jamp;J in his reign. The competitive compulsion that has enveloped the company through Weldon has helped improved consciousness and creates a positive image towards the products offered by the company. D. Price Early on in the article, the discussions have presented that Jamp;J have offered the public with low-cost and considerably affordable products in the market. This doesn’t only make their product known to the majority of the public, but also the choice of many buyers. The good thing about Jamp;J’s recognizable brand name is that the buying public tends to trust their products. In this manner, this part of the marketing mix tends to contribute largely to the rest of the determinants of product choice. III. Conclusion The case study presented the circumstances surrounding Johnson amp; Johnson as one of the most influential companies in the commercial sector. One could learn largely on the situations of Jamp;J. It shows that a firm leader could do wonders for the company. The case study has presented that Weldon was cognizant of both internal and external elements that affect the overall environment of the company. In this manner, he was able to use these to his advantage. Knowing what needs to be done for product has greatly influenced how he became aware on how these are going to be carried out. More important than the effective implementation of the marketing mix, the proper communication within the organization is required. Along with the strong leader, the need of a healthy interaction within the ranks presents not only an opportunity to develop but also, as seen in the case of Jamp;J, to essentially make seemingly impossibly demanding tasks into measured ones. Nevertheless, the case study has also presented that the company have indeed taken several missteps in their quest for development. Again, leaders have to be constantly vigilant such that these errors could be mended before major implications have infected the entire operations of the company. Companies could learn from the case of Jamp;J. Firm leaders and able executives to realize the vision of the company spell success for the company.

Extended School Year Services (ESY) for Students with Special Needs

Extended School Year Services (ESY) for Students with Special Needs ESY, or Extended School Year, is additional instructional support for students with disabilities, required by the Individuals with Disabilities Act. Why is ESY necessary? Some students with special needs are in jeopardy of not being able to retain the skills they have learned during the school year unless given additional support throughout the summer. Those students eligible for ESY will receive an individualized program to support their learning and retention of skill throughout the summer holidays. What does IDEA say about ESY? Under (34 CFR Part 300) in IDEA Regulations (not the Act): Extended school year services must be provided only if a childs IEP team determines, on an individual basis, in accordance with 300.340-300.350, that the services are necessary for the provision of FAPE to the child. The term extended school year services means special education and related services that- (1) Are provided to a child with a disability- (i) Beyond the normal school year of the public agency;(ii) In accordance with the childs IEP; and(iii) At no cost to the parents of the child; and(2) Meet the standards of the IDEA  Ã‚  (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) How can I determine if a child qualifies? The school, through the IEP team, will decide if the child will qualify for ESY Services. The decision will be based on a variety of factors which include: the childs rate of progressthe degree of impairmentthe childs behavioral and/or physical problemsavailability of resourcesthe vocational and transitional needs of the childthe childs ability to interact with non-disabled childrenand whether the service requested is extraordinary rather than usual in consideration of the childs condition. It is important to remember, the key to qualifying is the childs regression during school breaks, these should be well documented and records or any supporting data should be on hand for the team meeting. The school team will also take into consideration the childs previous history, in other words, did having summer holidays mean re-teaching skills again upon school startup? The school team will look at previous regression. It is important to note that most students dont retain all skills taught, hence a spiraling curriculum. The degree of regression must be relatively extreme to qualify for ESY Services. How much will I have to pay? There is no cost to the parent for ESY. The educational jurisdiction/district will cover the costs. However, not all students with disabilities will qualify. ESY services are provided only if the child meets certain criteria determined by law and the specific districts policy. What are some of the services provided?The services are individualized based on the students needs and will vary. They could include, physical therapy, behavioral support, instructional services, take home packages for parental implementation with consultative services, coaching, small group instruction just to name a few. ESY does not support the learning of new skills but the retention of those already taught. Districts will vary in their form of services offered. Where can I find more information about ESY? You will need to check with your own educational jurisdiction as some states vary in their standards regarding ESY. You will also want to read the section noted above in the IDEA regulations. Be sure to ask your district for a copy of their ESY guidelines. Note, that you should look into this service well in advance of any school break/holiday.

Questions - part III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questions - part III - Essay Example The statecraft explains amongst other things the strategies, which are used by countries to have control in the international relations. The latter makes it possible for the international relations is imperative in the sense that it makes it possible for countries to be more cohesive and foster economic and political development. In the contemporary statecraft, the critics indicate that the relationship is based on increased competition amongst the member countries. Each of the countries tries to gain political and economic strength in order to have a competitive edge. From both the realism and Marxism theories, it is indicated that one of the main strategies used in statecraft today is based on accumulation of wealth for economic growth purposes. There is a direct relationship between economic gain, political strength, and military strength with power of control. The biggest economies such as the United States, Russia, and China have the power of influence. The realism theory on the other hand agrees that the relationship established between countries has nothing to do with improving the livelihoods of the people, or assisting the member countries. It has to do with the accumulation of wealth and growth of economy. ... However, this can only be achieved by ensuring that such a country export finished goods and imports only raw materials at a relatively cheaper price. This explains why the developing countries have been reduced to exporters of raw materials, which fetch little compared to the finished products. However, the statecraft ought to ensure that all the member countries benefit from the relationship established. The developed countries should seek to ensure a balanced economic development of each of the member countries. For instance, the developed countries should be supported in terms of the development of the local industries. However, with the current globalization spirits, such infant local industries have been challenges due to competition by already established institutions. The statecraft should not be used as a way through which countries accumulate wealth meant to have control on others. For instance, the United States has been accused of interfering with the internal mattes of v arious countries in the world. Most of such countries such as China and Russia have been through cold war with the United States for decades. This owes to the fact that while the United States holds on the need to embrace capitalism, these countries use the communism economic system. One of the countries that have been a victim for decades has been Cuba. Using its economic and military power, the United States ensured that this country is not given an opportunity to belong to the international community. This is an indication of how statecraft can be used at the detrimental of other countries. According to my assessment, all the countries should be treated fairly regardless of their economic strength. The developed nations should be willing to assist the developing ones to

A New Model for Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A New Model for Change - Essay Example These stages are saying goodbye which is having the commitment to leave how things used to be, shifting into neutral which is the middle ground between the old practice and the change which is desired to be executed, and moving forward which involves embarking in the set direction. Leaders should be aware of these stages, move from one stage to another by avoiding the tendency to be stuck. Understanding transition is one of the requisite for managers. For one, they are advised to bear in mind that their people need to be given some time in order to internalize the desired change. Also, managers should clearly identify the reasons why some of the employees are hesitant to embrace the transformation which is instituted. And lastly, they should realize that people are often held back not by the changes themselves but by the process of transition. The transition can be smoothly managed by the employment of a coach who oversees the process that the manager is going through to bring about the needed change. This is important because of a manager is less from being well-rounded and might be inclined in only in one functional area.

Thorncrown Chapel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thorncrown Chapel - Essay Example Comparing two researches concerning the impasse on the hermeneutic of sacred building from the building itself, opposed to culture, social and personal understandings. According to Berger, hermeneutic of sacred architecture ought to reflect in the architect’s signs and symbols themselves (98). Thorncrown chapel glass wall gives the people inside the outdoor feeling unlike the regular church setting. Moreover, acknowledging church as a heaven icon, Thorncrown frequent more tourist than worshipers. It has become a stop point to millions of visitors each year. Additionally, the number of wedding bookings in Thorncrown increase day in day out. The image of redemption, divine energy, Gods present and glow as portrayed in Catholic Church is reduced into a feeling of nature. In consideration of hermeneutic approach that might solve Jones’ lack of architectural hermeneutics in his designs, practice will involve implementation of hermeneutic architectural symbols and archetypes by the earlier architects mentioned in â€Å"Sacred Space† (Berger et al 117-121). These symbols can be referred as the sacramental use of architecture knowledge in providing the optimal heavenly

Motivation Of Volunteer Tourists And Leisure Traveling Decisions Tourism Essay

Motivation Of Volunteer Tourists And Leisure Traveling Decisions Tourism Essay Travel experience is, restrictedly, perceived as seeking relaxation including sun, beaches, shopping and freedom. However, volunteering could actually be happened during a vacation or become the main reason of the trip which highly involved in the local culture (Maureen, 2006). According to the Tourism 2020 Vision report made by the United Nation World Tourism Organization, which normally abbreviated as UNWTO, international tourism will possibly encounter a 4.1% increment of annual growth rate on average from 1995 to 2020 meaning to around 1.56 billion visitors. However, travel promotes not only world peace and friendship, but economic inequalities, cultural and environmental deteriorations (Poelzl, 2002). Figure 1: Conceptual map of alternative tourism (Mieczkowski, 1995, p459) Mass tourism mainly consists of purchasing standardized products and visiting those prevailed and well-developed tourism destinations (Robinson Novelli, 2005). Having more leisure time and higher purchasing power triggered the desire to have different experiences (Hall Weiler, 1992). Nowadays people are looking for unique, novel and meaningful travel experience to satisfy themselves (Robinson Novelli, 2005). Due to globalization, nations become closer neighbours, and unveiling each others problems. Closeness helps the less fortunate and raises the environmental awareness (Uriely, Reichel Ron, 2003). It gives raise of alternative tourism, which including a diversity of tourism forms into niche markets such as nature and special interest tourism which is abbreviated as SIT. SIT offers customized leisure and travel experience according to increasing needs from the individuals (Derrett, 2001). For instance, several projects related to volunteer tourism and ecotourism have been actively promoted mainly in developing countries while conservation projects have been executed in developed countries (Britton, 1977; Saglio, 1979; Wearing, 2001). SIT travellers involve in cultural and leisure activities developing their special interests, gained insights and satisfied themselves by fulfilling the higher level of needs namely self-esteem, belonging and self-actualization (Neulinger, 1982; Henderson, 1984; Hall Weiler, 1992; Wearing, 2001, 2004). Volunteer tourism is a potential profitable market as the majority of this segment are higher educated and more sensitive to the environmental and social costs they brought (Hall Weiler, 1992; Lynne, 1993). Volunteer tourism and ecotourism both offer an alternative tourism experience and their underlying focus is sustainability in order to ensure the impacts on destination are minimized (Sofield, 1991, Wearing, 2001). Both forms are aiming to balance development to meet present needs without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generation (Mieczkowski, 1995; Wearing, 2001). This can be found by the fact that volunteer tourism pays special attention to the environmental and social carrying capacity, coinciding with the aims of sustainability (Colton, 1987; Wearing, 2001). 1.2 The Global Development of Volunteer Tourism Since 1915, the phenomenon of overseas travelling of international volunteers, existed and is supported by a range of organizations and groups around the globe (Gillette, 1968; Clark, 1978; Beigbeder, 1991; Wearing, 2004). However, it was not being regarded as a tourism form. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, which is abbreviated as OECD, estimated over 33,000 overseas volunteers engaged during 1990 (Beigbeder, 1991; Wearing, 2001, 2004). Furthermore, the renowned guidebook, Mcmlillon, noted there were 75 organizations in 1987 (Campbell, 1999), with contrast to 275 in 2003. In addition, there are other sources also suggesting the significant growth in volunteer-based organizations (Holder, 2002; Brown Morrison, 2003; Brown, 2005). Based on a survey of over 300 volunteer tourism organizations worldwide, it is estimated overall market has grown to 1.6 million volunteer tourists a year, with a total market value of between GBP 832 million and GBP 1.3 billion (Association for Tourism Leisure Education, 2008). The most substantial growth in the sector has taken place since 1990 (Association for Tourism Leisure Education, 2008). These figures show a rapid growth in volunteer tourism. The popularity of alternative tourism has increased significantly such as volunteer tourism and ecotourism (Wearing, 2001, 2002; Mustonen, 2005). This is further witnessed by leisure travellers desiring to connect with locals and their culture in order to stimulate and fulfil their need of cultural immersion by combining travel, adventure and service (Brown Morrison, 2003; Hall Raymond, 2008). Several reports indicated 77% of organizations are non-government such as Youth Challenge International and Earth-watch, while 13% are commercial such as i-to-i, 5% are government ran such as Volunteer Service Aboard New Zealand, and 3% are operated by universities like University of Californias University Research Expeditions Programme (Ellis, 2003; Board, 2003; Coghlam, 2008). 1.3 The development of SIT and volunteer tourism in Hong Kong SIT is still developing in its infancy stage in Hong Kong. Despite the fact that little Hong Kong residents thoroughly know about SIT, a number of volunteer travel service suppliers do exist in Hong Kong. For-profit tour operators such as Hong Kong Study Tours Centre (Hong Kong Study Tours Centre, 2007) organize conservation volunteer tours to Australis and New Zealand for students. Other volunteer travel opportunities are usually provided by non-profit organizations. For instance, International Youth Culture Exchange Association (H.K.) Ltd. occasionally provides volunteer tours for secondary students and undergraduates. These volunteers will usually be involved in teaching English and simple hygiene knowledge in China (International Youth Cultural Exchange Association (H.K.) Ltd., 2007). Global Neighbor Network is dedicated to promoting volunteer tourism in Hong Kong by organizing volunteer tours regularly to different needy communities such as Sri Lanka, Kenya and Jordan (Global Ne ighbour Network, 2006). It has also worked with local universities such as medical students from The University of Hong Kong to provide basic medical care and treatment for patients in Indonesia. Besides, volunteers in Global Neighbour Network will partner with international volunteers in Global Hope Network to participate in different volunteer tours. Other non-profit organizations involved in volunteer tourism include Yellow House, Volunteer Space and LoveFaithHope Charitable Foundation. Due to insufficient awareness of the general public, volunteer tourism is still not very well-known in Hong Kong and the number of participants is limited, yet it has been gaining popularity in these few years. Both secondary school and undergraduate students are given more opportunities to give back to the needy community in China, although they may only do voluntary work for one or two days of the entire tour and engage in cultural exchange activities for the rest of the tour. In addition to students, religious groups make up most of the volunteer travellers in Hong Kong. They will visit various impoverished places on mission travel, with some of the time spent on volunteering. In general, they will provide education and development aid in the needy communities. 1.4 Problem Statement Volunteer tourism is a relatively recent phenomenon around the world. Though there has been increasing research on the motivational factors of volunteer tourists, little of such research has been done in the Asia-Pacific context, let alone within the Hong Kong context. It is of paramount importance to understand the travel motivation of volunteer tourists because it is the driving force behind their behaviors (Schiffan, Bednall, OCass, Paladino Kanuk, 2005). In addition, studying their perceived value of the volunteer trips will help to determine their intentions to recommend and repurchase the volunteer travel opportunities (Petrick, 2004a; 2004b). This research is designed to explore why Hong Kong residents participate in volunteer tours, what motivates them and what their perceived values towards their volunteer trips are. With a better understanding of the aforementioned issues, tourism marketers and professionals and potential service providers such as travel agencies will be a ble to identify if there is any market potential to organize more volunteer tours and diversify the tourism products in Hong Kong. The results of this study will help non-profit organizations to better understand why people choose to volunteer overseas, then they will be able to segment and target the markets, create tailor-made volunteer tours to recruit more warm-hearted people to become volunteers, as well as develop appropriate marketing strategies to promote volunteer tourism in Hong Kong. 1.5 Objectives To examine the motivational factors behind Hong Kong residents towards volunteer travel. To examine the perceived constraints of repeat participation among volunteer tourism among participants. To examine the influence of a volunteer tourism experience on future leisure travel decisions. Chapter 2 Literature Review This chapter offers a review of the literature with reference to the theme and research purposes of this study. There are four sections in this chapter. The first section will define volunteering and volunteer tourism. Second, tourism motivation, development of motivational theories and volunteer motivation is reviewed, followed by a summary of previous related research on volunteer tourism. The concept of perceived value an individual holds when evaluating travel experience is then discussed. The summary section will provide a conclusion of this chapter. 2.1 Volunteering vs. Volunteer Tourism Volunteer tourism, or also known as Voluntourism or volunteer vacation, actually combined two major elements which obviously are volunteering and travelling. More accurately, it contains the motivations of both volunteering and travelling sides and shows how they pertain to and interplay with each other. 2.1.1 Volunteering Volunteering is widely perceived and defined as freely chosen and generally providing aids and services for the host community simultaneously without any incentive to gain any financial rewards from them (Beighbeder, 1991; Van Til, 1979 cited in Stebbins, 1982). Supposedly volunteering or voluntary service is both beneficial to the community and the well-being of the volunteers (Cnaan et al., 1996; Stebbins, 1982) since it could build up a social network and develop a mutual understanding, friendship and adventurousness between each other (Gillette, 1968; Wearing, 2001, 2004). Volunteering may benefit volunteers in acquiring skills such as communication skills, teamwork and interpersonal skills which would absolutely be useful for their career (Broad, 2003; Brown Lehto, 2005). It provokes participants contemplation, encourages their concerns for others, offers them with an opportunity to develop an interest and creates a sense of deep personal fulfillment (Stebbins Graham, 2004). S tebbins (1992) also suggests that volunteering may achieve volunteers self-actualization, recreation or renewal of self and feelings of accomplishment. The volunteer is the one who gains mutual learning, friendship and adventure (Gillette, 1968). Volunteers from all age groups will most likely feel happier and less depressed. Neulinger (1982) and Henderson (1984) both noted that volunteerism and leisure fulfil higher level needs such as self-esteem, belonging and self-actualization. 2.1.2 Volunteer Tourism Volunteer tourism is slightly like an expansion of volunteering. Undoubtedly it includes the motivation of volunteering and, meanwhile, involves desires or incentives of travel. The term volunteer tourism intends to the tourists who organize to provide voluntary service during their vacations which is described by Wearing (2001): aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society, the restoration of certain environments, or research into aspects of society or environment In fact, the definition of volunteer tourism has become gradually ambiguous since a large number of individuals, who are willing to spend most of the time during vacation on volunteering, may not perceive themselves as volunteer tourists. However, there is a conceptual framework of volunteer tourism developed to classify volunteer tourists into different classes (Callanan Thomas, 2005). The framework was drawn on another framework related to ecology (Sylvan, 1985 cited in Callanan Thomas, 2005, pp. 196-197). It mainly divided volunteer tourists into shallow, intermediate and deep class based on the duration of their trips, their required skills or qualifications, degree of both passive and active involvement, level of contribution to the host communities and focus of the experience. Another way to classify the volunteer tourists basically depends on their mindsets. Volunteer tourists should be further divided into two types. Some of them may be willing to spend most of or even all of their holidays on volunteering, they, therefore, are identified as volunteer-minded tourists. The other type of volunteer tourists are identified as vacation-minded tourists who will possibly just treat volunteering as a short-term, may be only a half-day or up to three days out of a trip, activity during their vacation. (Brown Morrison, 2003; Brown Lehto, 2005, p. 480). 2.2 Motivation As motivation is a very significant variable in the contribution of explaining peoples travel behavior, this section aims at providing a comprehensive literature review on tourism motivation and volunteer motivation. The definitions of motivation and tourism motivation will first be given, followed by a description of the development of motivational theories. 2.2.1 Travel Motivation To understand travel motivation, a variety of scales and theories have been proposed and empirically tested in the tourism literature. Many researchers have used motivational theory to try to interpret the motivations of tourists. Wahab (1975) argued that travel motivation is so basic, essential and fundamental while doing tourism studies or tourism development. Generally, motivation is usually defined as the driving force behind all actions (Crompton, 1979; Fodness, 1994). At the meantime, motivation would be a key factor influencing ones travel decisions and be closely related to their psychological needs to explore something they have never met in their home countries. Travel motivations will probably be affected by any changes occurred in ones life stages. However, travellers may commonly be influenced by a certain number of motivators other than just one. (Swarbrooke and Horner, 2003). 2.2.2 Tourism Motivation Theories A few definitions have been developed for tourism motivation. Dann (1981 cited in Snepenger et al., 2006, p.140) stated that tourism motivation is: a meaningful state of mind which adequately disposes an actor or a group of actors to travel, and which is subsequently interpretable by others as a valid explanation for such a decision Crompton and McKay (1997) built their definition of tourism motivation on those suggested by Crompton (1979) and Iso-Ahola (1989 cited in Crompton McKay, 1997). Crompton and McKay (1997, p.427) which included the concept of optimal arousal level. For example, homeostasis (Snepenger et al., 2006) helped describe tourism motivation as: a dynamic process of internal psychological factors that generate a state of tension or disequilibrium within individuals. Moreover, Fodness (1994) and Crompton (1979) agreed and suggested that more knowledge of tourism motivation were necessary to assist tourism marketers in understanding individuals travel patterns so that they could develop and promote tourism products according to customers needs and wants. Over the years, a myriad of tourism motivational theories have been developed. There are some prominent theories which contribute to a better understanding of why individuals choose to travel. 2.2.3 Motivation Theory Maslows Hierarchy of Needs When discussing motivation theory, Maslows five-stage hierarchy of needs ought to be of the utmost importance. It emphazizes human needs could be differentiated into five different levels from extrinsic to intrinsic needs. These five levels are also in hierarchical order of increasing motivational importance. From the least to the most importance, they are physiological, safety, social, self-esteem and self-actualization need (Maslow, 1970). This hierarchy could be highly related to the travel industry since it mentioned individuals will less likely be interested in high-level needs if they cannot meet their physiological and safety needs. It implies the individuals will less likely be interested in travel. Additionally, Self-actualization could be considered the end or goal of leisure (Mill Morrison, 2002). Analyzing all five stages can derive some potential hints and clues to help understand the motivation of volunteer tourism. 2.2.4 Motivation Theory Travel Career Ladder (TCL) TCL is actually partly based on the Maslows Hierarchy of needs. According to TCL, tourists who own more experience would more probably seek satisfaction of higher needs (Pearce, 1991; Ryan, 1998). It reflects travel motives are changing according to life span and accumulated travel experience (Ryan, 1998; Schewe, 1988) and describes travellers motivation as consisting of five different levels, respectively they are relaxation, safety or security, relationship, self-esteem and development and self-actualization or fulfillment need. Normally travelers are not dominated by only a level of need but a set of needs. They will not always remain in the same stage and will probably descend as well as ascend on the ladder. 2.2.5 Push and Pull Factors Except the two hierarchical needs of human mentioned above, there is a two-tiered scheme of motivational factors, push and pull factors. Several theories also refer to these two factors to carry out, for example, Iso-Ahola personal interpersonal motives. Push factors mean all social-psychological motives which push individuals to go travelling. They are intangible and more like intrinsic desires of individuals, for instance, relaxation and exploration. On the other hand, pull factors mean those external forces which affect or attract individuals to travel to fulfill their identified wants. Any tangible things including the architectures, historical resources and the intangible elements including local culture, the attractiveness of the destination itself can also arouse travellers interest (Andreu, Bigne Copper, 2000). However, a travel is normally occurred based on the reason why individuals would like to leave their home country rather than the appeal of the destination which lure the travellers to visit. Travellers motives and behavior are markedly self-oriented (Witt Wright, 1992). Obviously, the push and pull factors may not be perceived appropriate to understand the motivation of volunteer tourism because 2.2.6 Motivation of volunteers being engaged in voluntary services Altruism (Bussell Forbes, 2002; Callanan Thomas, 2005) and doing something meaningful (Cnaan Goldberg-Glen, 1991 cited in Ryan, Kaplan Grese, 2001) are believed to be the central motives for individuals to participate in volunteer work. Individuals who desire to assist others are more likely to become volunteers. However, egoism may probably be included in the motivation of volunteers as well (Bussell Forbes, 2002; Ryan, Kaplan Grese, 2001). Participating in voluntary work can actually provide individuals with change to satisfy their social and psychological needs (Cnaan Goldberg-Glen, 1991 cited in Bussell Forbes, 2002). The first self-interested motivation is social which involves volunteering together with ones family members and old friends to strengthen kinship and friendship (Bruyere Rappe, 2007; Ryan, Kaplan Grese, 2001) as well as meeting new people with similar interests. The next motivation is learning and career. Volunteers may learn deeper about the natural environment (Bruyere Rappe, 2007); develop new skills and abilities which may be useful with ones career (Broad, 2003); obtain job-related experience and explore career opportunities which may aid future employment or career advancement (Bruyere Rappe, 2007; Riecken, Babakus Yavas, 1994 cited in Bussell Forbes, 2002) Another prominent motivation of volunteer is values and esteem. Volunteers can share their core values and thoughts with other people (Bruyere Rappe, 2007; Clary Snyder, 1999); gain a sense of self-worth as well as boosting self-esteem (Bruyere Rappe, 2007; Bussell Forbes, 2002). Some of the less obvious reasons for people to volunteer may include a desire to wear uniforms which symbolize authority, mixing with celebrities, travel opportunities (Wilson Pimm, 1996) and religious involvement (Mattis et al., 2000). 2.3 Previous Related Research on Volunteer Tourism Having looked at travel motivation and volunteer motivation individually, it is necessary to review the previous studies on volunteer tourism. A very similar research on the motives and benefits of volunteer vacationers in the United States was done by Brown and Lehto (2005). They employed focus group and in-depth personal interviews as their data collection methods to gain a deeper understanding of this rarely researched phenomenon. The results showed that there were four main motives of why people volunteer while taking a leisure trip. First, travellers were motivated to volunteer because they would have precious opportunities to interact with local people and immerse oneself in the local culture and community (Brown Lehto, 2005, p.487) Second, volunteer tourism was seen as a way to give back and make a difference in others lives, especially the less unfortunate. Third, travellers sought camaraderie on volunteer vacation trips. They were motivated by the fact that they would be ab le to make friends with people with common interests, values and minds. Fourth, volunteer tourism was perceived as an educational opportunity for children. It was believed that the volunteer experience would instil the value of giving to the younger generation in their lives. Another related motive was the opportunity to build a better bonding between parents and children. The major benefits of participating in volunteer tourism found in this research were greater satisfaction with the overall travel experience, self-fulfilment, opportunities to directly interact with the local community, the meaningful experience and wonderful memories, personal growth and enhancement of family relationships, Among the aforementioned benefits, self-fulfilment and personal growth were believed to have an enduring effect on individuals after the volunteer vacation trips. A case study conducted by Broad (2003) investigated the relationship between volunteers, their volunteering and the outcomes and impacts at the Gibbon Rehabilitation Project (GRP) in Phuket. Four categories of motivation were identified in this study using qualitative method. Volunteers participated in the GRP because they wanted to travel to a different country and learn something about the country. They would like to obtain experience with reference to their studies and future career plans and they support conservation based on altruism. (Broad, 2003, pp.66-67). Their self-interested motivation was related to meeting like-minded people or developing their personalities. Her findings supported Gazleys (2001, cited in Broad, 2003) claim that both volunteer motivation and tourism motivation may apply to volunteer tourism. Similarly, it was found in Broads (2003) study that the volunteer travel experience had inspired some changes in the participants and their life. The experience was a life turning point for some of the volunteers, for instance, finding a career direction or entering into relationships with the locals. Other volunteers indicated that they had gained more confidence, knowledge and skills, and learned more about themselves. They had also developed a different view of life and the world. 2.4 Chapter Summary Chapter 3 Methodology The purpose of this research is to explore the motivations, constraints and how volunteer travel experiences influence travel decision among volunteer travellers. Since little academic research had been conducted in this area, especially in the Asia-Pacific context, no confirmed theories or methods were available to be adopted for this study (Brown Lehto, 2005). An exploratory study thereby seems appropriate to offer a better understanding of this research topic. The methodological issues were discussed in four sections: (1) research design, (2) data collection, (3) data analysis and, (4) limitations. 3.1 Research Design This is an exploratory research which is inductive in nature. The study used a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews (Brown Lehto, 2005). Qualitative research approach helped to gain more knowledge as to how individuals gave meaning to their volunteer vacation experiences (Halpenny Caisse, 2003). Simultaneously in-depth interviews provoked interviewees to express their thoughts which were neglected by marketers before so they can actually cater to the potential needs. (Patton, 1990; Jenning, 2001). The data gathered were helpful to reveal the what. how and, more importantly, explore the why for individuals to participate in volunteer travel (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2007). The value of the knowledge is largely based on the context and the use of the knowledge. (Steinar, 1996) It can, for example, be used to examine travellers attitude towards volunteer travel, and the knowledge gained used to motivate leisure travellers to join volunteer travel. In addition, the interviews embraced different kinds of interview questions so as to deeply examine why potential travellers in Hong Kong are motivated to join the volunteer travel. Introducing questions were used since such open-ended questions may 3.2 Data collection Since it was improbable to identify and interview all volunteer travellers in Hong Kong, the interviewees were chosen from a population of Hong Kong residents who had participated in any volunteer travel before. Snowball sampling technique was used to collect the data until the required sample size was reached (Jenning, 2001). There were 8 desirable interviewees invited to participate in the individual interview which fitted the required sample size determined by theoretical sampling principle (Glaser, 1992). Furthermore, the interview process lasted till the theoretical saturation, where no new ideas or themes could be developed. 3.3 Data Analysis The personal interviews were transcribed word for word immediately. Owing to the time limit, the researcher translated the Cantonese discussions directly into written English. The transcripts 3.4 Limitations Fundamentally people, time and place would be the major limitation of the research. Finding appropriate interviewees was the first to be concerned so the researcher kept asking referrals from friends. After finding the right people, the researcher needed to make respective appointments with all interviewees in terms of Secondary data were so limited that could not sufficiently cater to the needs of this research, detailed and in-depth data and descriptions were therefore required (Geertz, 1973; Jenning, 2001). However, secondary data sourced from newspapers, academic journals, websites and books were so useful to provide understandings of initial concepts. Chapter 4 Research Findings Development of volunteer tourism in Hong Kong is still in its infancy at this stage. Hence, the aims of this chapter are to look into and have a better understanding of the motivation and constraints of repeat volunteer travellers. In addition to exploring how the experience influence their leisure travel decisions. Findings of aforementioned eight in-depth interviews were concluded in terms of three research objectives. Original statements of the interviewees were used as evidence to support each concept. 4.1 Motivations of repeated participation in volunteer travel All of the interviewees showed that they are very likely to attend volunteer travel again. There were six major motivational factors found which can be dissected by and highly related to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow, 1970). Altruism and broadening personal horizons can be defined as self-actualization, which is of the highest level of the hierarchy. Furthermore, changes of self-image can be defined as self-esteem, which is positioned in the second highest level whilst desire for escaping from daily bustling life and enhancement of social life belong to belongingness and love, which is of the middle level of the hierarchy. Apart from those could be analysed by the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, previous experience can either be one of the motives for taking volunteer travel again. 4.1.1 Altruism Personal altruistic desire for providing others with assistance and sympathy was stated by the interviewees as an important factor motivating them to partake in volunteer travel. Five interviewees considered it their first priority whilst other three interviewees considered it the second motivation. They volunteered, for example, to teach the local students, to provide necessities, to take care of the elderly and children, to bring happiness, to show love, and to encourage people to live under a stern environment. Three interviewees shared that it helped the organization to further understand the genuine needs amongst the locals, so more effective assistance could be provided in the future. I can help others or bring them (the local) caring and happiness to them. (Interviewee F) Most of their parents left them (local children) and work in other provinces, come back only one or two a year only. Theyre lack of parental love. (Interviewee A) One of the interviewee was eager to raise public awareness of the poverty gap between Mainland China communities and Hong Kong people. the number of participant is just 30, but if I spread the idea and my experience it would be many times than the number of participants. Perhaps, they know more after hearing from me, they are more interested in, and know the suffering of others in the world. Because I have my personal experience, it is more persuasive than the related TV episodes. (Interviewee E) So i think the children living in Hong Kong are having luxury lives. (Interviewee D) Similar concepts shared by all interviewees were meaningful because they felt happy with contributing to help and thus enhanced their sense of self-satisfaction and accomplishment. The word meaningful was mentioned at least once by each interviewee and three of them even emphasized this word for up to five times. It showed that participants looked for a meaningful experience in volunteer travel. I feel I gradually become kinder after volunteering every time as I am willing to help others even though I may not have contributed to the society a lot. Anyway, I learnt how to return the society rather than taking advantages from it. (Interviewee A) You can feel more satisfied with partaking in a volunteer trip and benefit much more from it than from ordinary travel., I

mafia Essay -- essays research papers

Their guns terrorized the streets of New York. They were murderous, brutal thugs that killed with no feelings of remorse. They were bank-robbers, drug dealers, casino owners, hit men and pimps. They were the Mafia of the 1920's and 1930's. These degenerates played an important role in American history, they were more than just bank-robbers and gunslingers, and they were men that affected all facets of society. They were celebrities, some of the most recognized men in America. Their evil deeds made the front page of every newspaper. They were some of the richest men in America, but most of all; they were the scapegoats for America's problems. They were hated by many, respected by few and feared by all. In times of poverty and despair, they were looked upon as the "problem", which needed to be "fixed". The fear they imposed on America gave Americans something to unite over and fight against together. Sometimes, a person is most courageous when they are most fearful. They made America "roar" in the twenties and they took "the wrath" of thirties. They were some of America's most dangerous men and some of its most famous as well. In order to obtain an objective view towards the Mafia, one must know a little about its history. The Mafia was first started in the ninth century, in Sicily. At this time, Arab forces were occupying Sicily. The natives were being oppressed, so they took refuge in the surrounding hills and formed a secret society to protect against the foreign invaders. This secret society was named Mafia, after the Arabic word for refuge. The society's intentions were to create a sense of family, based on ancestry and Sicilian heritage. During the 1700's, Mafia leaders began to force their way to the head positions in the Sicilian government and used government funds for their own private endeavours. In the early 1900's, when Mussolini and the Fascists came to power, he vowed to rid the country of all the Mafia. Keeping this in mind, and the fact that there was money to be made through extortion, prostitution, gambling and bootlegging in the United States, many Mafioso's decided to come west to America. Charles "Lucky" Luciano, the eventual organizer of the New York Mafia, was born in Sicily in 1897, and came to New York. Luciano climbed the "criminal ladder" and by 1935, he was known ... ...titution was so profitable, because it offered the most easily marketable and vendible product in the world; sex. The Mafia used the prostitutes as tools to make more business. They placed their "girls" throughout their clubs, so they could lure some high roller in the back for a drink or two. They worked the bars, and listened to lonely middle class men who needed a shoulder to cry on. They were on the streets mingling with the crowd, looking for their next perverted customer. The bosses often used prostitutes to "sweeten" deal between rival leaders or crooked politicians. They were as dangerous as the trained killers were, because they possessed something more powerful than guns. They were just as ruthless as the men that put holes in people's heads; they only came in a nicer package. The Mafia men of the 1920's and 1930's were some of the most influential men in American history. They robbed banks, killed people, stole, cheated, lied and corrupted an already corrupt country. They were not role models, and they did not aspire to be. They were businessmen, men who had only two objectives, money and power. They saw a need for something and they produced it.